The Farewell Sermon of Muhammad :: Islam Religion Essays

The "Farewell Sermon" of Muhammad The apostle continued his pilgrimage and showed the men the rites and taught them the customs of their hajj. He made a speech in which he made things clear. He praised and glorified God, then he said: "O men, listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you in this place again after this year. Your blood and your property are sacrosanct until you meet your Lord, as this day and this month are holy. You will surely meet your Lord and He will ask you of your works. I have told you. He who has a pledge let him return it to him who entrusted him with it; all usury is abolished, but you have your capital. Wrong not and you shall not be wronged. God has decreed that there is to be no usury and the usury of `Abbà ¢s b. `Abd al Muttalib is abolished, all of it. All blood shed in the pagan period is to be left unavenged. The first claim on blood I abolish is that of Ibn Rabà ®`a b. al Hà ¢rith b. `Abd al Muttalib (who was fostered among the Banà » Layth and whom Hudhayl killed.) It is the first blood shed in the pagan period which I deal with. Satan despairs of ever being worshiped in your land, but if he can be obeyed in anything short of worship he will be pleased in m atters you may be disposed to think of little account, so beware of him in your religion. "Postponement of a sacred month is only an excess of disbelief whereby those who disbelieve are misled; they allow it one year and forbid it another year that they may make up the number of the months which God has hallowed, so that they permit what God has forbidden, and forbid what God has allowed." [Koran 9:37] Time has completed its cycle and is as it was on the day that God created the heavens and the earth. The number of months with God is twelve; four of them are sacred, three consecutive and the Rajab of Mudar, which is between Jumà ¢dà ¢ and Sha`bà ¢n. You have rights over your wives and they have rights over you. You have the right that they should not defile your bed and that the should not behave with open unseemliness. If they do, God allows you to put them in separate rooms and to beat them but not with severity.

Gcse Geography Paper

GCSE Geography Assessment: ————————————————- Investigate the extent to which Meadowhall could be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly†. By Emma Fitzpatrick 10R Introduction â€Å"Investigate the extent to which Meadowhall can be described as environmentally friendly† The centre was first opened on the 4th September 1990. The 80 acre site was and still is a Brownfield site which means you can build on this land. With a floor area of 1,500,000sq ft, it is the seventh largest shopping centre in the U. K. With over 280 stores, the centre attracted 19. million visitors in its first year of opening, and now attracts about 30 million visitors a year. It took two years to clear the land of waste, and there was 100,000 tonnes of waste from the toxic site by the River Don. The main reason the centre is so successful is because of its location. The centre id locat ed at junction 34 off the motorway-â€Å"The M1 is the lifeline to Meadowhall. † Meadowhall can be extremely busy in the run up to Christmas, and the January sales. There can be up to 140,000 visitors at Christmas just the day after Boxing Day. The reason I have chosen to investigate Meadowhall is because it is local.Analysis-positives Meadowhall is one of the largest out of town shopping centres in the U. K, and it could be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly† because it was the first U. K shopping centre to develop an on-site recycling facility. The recycling centre was opened in 2006 and has been ongoing for the past 6 years. The centre recycles 97% of waste from retailers and customers, with the remaining 3% going to incineration; no waste goes to landfill. The waste is sorted into paper, plastic, cardboard, cans etc. by a conveyor belt system to separate out the different types of waste.Also they have set up lots of initiatives and measures to give people other sustainable transport to get to and from Meadowhall, for example: * Cycling initiatives- including bike-safe training, biker user group for Meadowhall employees (BUG ME) and Dr. Bike; * Free fuel for electric cars; * Personalised travel information for busses, trams and trains; * Adult and family cycle training launched march 2008- offering free training for employees; * The Passenger Transport Interchange. Primary benefits for the staff: * Last year on average 5 employees per month switched to sustainable travel modes.In terms of staff only 20% use a car to drive to work; * 55% of employees use public transport, 16% car share, while 7% cycle, walk or use motorcycles; * In terms of visitors, public transport has increased by over one percentage point while the number of visitors driving indicates a significant level of car sharing at 16%; * 400 staff last year requested a personal travel plan. Secondary benefits: * Helps to aid the reduction of local traffic congestion; * Impr oves access for staff and visitors- more time working and shopping and less time queuing in traffic; * Reduces carbon footprint for staff and visitors.Also Meadowhall has its own public transport interchange, making it the only shopping centre in the U. K that combines a bus, rail and tram interchange as well as making it the centre easily accessible to both the local region and the rest if the country. The â€Å"catchment† area is a one hour drive which covers an area as far as north as Harrogate, south as Leicester, east as Hull and Grimsby and as far west as Manchester. There are approximately 25 million visitors each year. And since the PTI has been added to the centre, it has the best public transport services of any shopping centre in the U. K. lso because most people use the M1 to travel to Meadowhall, it actually saves fuel than going on the back roads through the country side, because if you travel at a constant speed on the M1, you won’t use as much petrol an d it won’t take as long, because on the country roads there usually is a lot of turns and corners which might take longer than just going on a straight road whit very little corners. Also it’s not good for small towns because of the congestion charge. Another positive is that they spent ? 50 million pounds on improvements, bins and air-con. However this is also a negative impact as well.One of the most recognisable positive impacts is the large windows which let’s in a lot of natural light in so in the summer they don’t have thousands of lights on but, they let in a lot of heat as well so they have to use air-con (which can be seen as a negative impact). And in the winter they are helpful because they let heat in so they don’t have to turn on the heaters. Although, when it’s dark/night they turn the lights on the outside of the building on even when Meadowhall isn’t open, so that can be seen as a negative impact too. Also there is a b ore-hole that they use to collect water from beneath the Earth.The water from the bore-hole is collected into a giant master tank. All the storage tanks are connected onto a â€Å"network† which ensures 90-95% of all water used by customers and retailers for flushing toilets is derived from rainwater harvesting or bore-hole water. Meadowhall began harvesting rainwater in 2006. Four giant water storage tanks collect rainwater and condensation from air conditioning. This is then used throughout the shopping centre for cleaning, flushing toilets and watering the external landscape areas. Also the cost of water to Meadowhall has decreased since this movement has been put in place.One of the other positives about the transportation is that they have a free electric car charging port so people can charge their cars. In addition to the cycling initiatives, Meadowhall is encouraging people from Winkobank and Tinsley to either walk or cycle to Meadowhall with the network of paths that have been placed. Also, they encourage more people to use public transport by having cheap deals sold exclusively within the centre for bus, tram and train. Plus only 20% of the staff at Meadowhall uses their car to travel to the centre, and the remaining 80% use other forms of public transport (refer to figure 5. ). Also, more than half of the bags I have collected for my survey about whether shops use bags that can be recycled or could not be recycled(refer to figure 4). Analysis-negatives Furthermore, there are some negative impacts to Meadowhall. For example: * 87% of shoppers travel by car and only 13% by public transport; * They don’t advertise how environmentally friendly Meadowhall is; * They have over 12,000 free car parking spaces which means more people will chose to travel by car; * Although they do have Electric car charging ports, there sn’t any sign posts to tell/show people where they are; * They turn the lights on at night even when it’s not op en,(however they do use low energy light bulbs). Transport Although Meadowhall has plenty of initiatives to try and persuade people to use public transport to go to Meadowhall, only 13% are using it to get to and from Meadowhall. And I think this is because of all the free car parking spaces, so if they charged people to use the car parking spaces, more people might use the bus, train, tram etc to travel to Meadowhall.Also if there were sign posts to show where the electric car charging ports it might encourage more people to use/have an electric car because if every shopping centre had a car charging port they might be able to make more money to make that centre more environmentally friendly. Also the M1 is a negative because most people are using their cars to travel to Meadowhall, than using public transport, which causes more pollution. Refer to figure 6. 3. Windows Even though the windows are very environmentally friendly they do let a lot of heat in which means they turn on th e air-con which uses a lot of energy.Environment Even though Meadowhall has put many initiatives together to make the centre more environmentally friendly they don’t advertise the environmentally friendly it is –internet, TV, and the website. I think that if they did decide to advertise the eco friendly side of Meadowhall, they might encourage other shopping centre’s to do the same thing. And compared to the Trafford centre, Meadowhall doesn’t seem very environmentally friendly. Refer to figure 6. 2. Water ButtAlthough they harvest a lot of rain water and water from the bore-hole, they only use 35% of it, so 65% is wasted. The Trafford Centre The Trafford centre is also environmentally friendly like Meadowhall because they also have many initiatives in place, and hoping to put in place. For example: * They want to divert 100% of the waste from the centre to not got to landfill sites; * To install sensor lights in the corridors, to cut down on wasted energ y; * Switching to LED lighting systems which use a fraction of the power to the older system; * Halving the length of time heir automatic taps run, from 10 seconds to 5 seconds, saving 350,000 litres per year; * Limiting the length of time their Christmas decorations are switched on; * Cutting the amount of time their escalators, plasma screens and lightings are switched on; * Following a greener office policy which encourages all staff to switch off lights and computers that are not needed. Also compared to Meadowhall, the Trafford centre is more environmentally friendly because they advertise how eco friendly they are, and they have put more initiatives in place than Meadowhall to cut down the amount of energy they are using.The Trafford Centre – Recycling Since 2009, the Trafford centre declared its ambition to be the greenest shopping centre in the UK. The environmental services department comprises more than 34% of the Trafford centre’s staff, and each processes m ore than 100 tonnes of waste each week – since October 2010 100% of the overall waste has been diverted from landfill. Currently they recycle a host of materials; these include: * Cardboard; * Scrap metal; * Glass; * Paper; * Magazines; * Food waste; * Plastic bottles; * Coat hangers;Since 2006 they have continuously improved the percentage of waste that has been diverted from landfill. For 2009 hey diverted 58%. For 2010 they diverted 70% and for 2011 they hope to have achieved 85%. The centre was awarded the environmental award at the Trafford Business awards, the centre achieved gold standard in the â€Å"Business Tidy Awards†, and the Sceptre award for Environmental Best Practise. Conclusion In conclusion I would say that Meadowhall can be described as â€Å"environmentally friendly† because since 2006, they have put 6 travel initiatives in place so visitors can use a more sustainable use of transport o get to and from Meadowhall they have their own recyclin g plant, bore-hole, four giant water storage tanks, and they have large bay windows that let in light instead of using thousand of lights. However, there are more things that can be done to make Meadowhall more environmentally friendly is by advertising hoe eco friendly they are, turning the outdoor lights off at night and encouraging more people to use public transport. My Consumer ChoicesUsually I would rather go to Meadowhall than go to my local area (i. e. Town) partly because Meadowhall has a more range of shops like H&M and River Island which my local area doesn’t. I typically buy clothes and bags from Meadowhall because there are more shops which are larger than the ones in my local area, where I typically get school things like school clothes and equipment because there are more school shops in my local area and more stationary shops as well.Normally I either get my parents to take me and bring me back home if I’m only going with one or two friends but if Iâ₠¬â„¢m meeting a group of friends I find it easier to get there by going on the train with them but I think I should try and use the train more because its less pollution than getting one of my parents to take me. I very rarely take my own carrier bags because I most of the time I don’t buy very much. I think by asking my parents to take me has a knock on affect because every time I ask them to take me to Meadowhall I’m increasing the amount of pollution in the air even though I’m not even driving.

Mohandas Karamchand Mahatma Gandhi

â€Å"I am not a saint who has strayed in politics. I am a politician who is trying to become a saint. † Gandhi In the 1800†³s most of the cultures and ethnic groups in South Africa were treated with less respect than deserved. The Indians were forced into South Africa because of the British Empire expansion. These Indians, mostly poor, were in a system close to slavery. In South Africa the non-whites didn†t get very many job opportunities. In South Africa they had very few landholders, teachers, or businessmen who were non-whites. Most of the non-whites got their education in a mission and took up Christianity. The Colored people were a mix of different ethnics except black or white. These people were the 2nd largest group in South Africa. The Indians were mostly farmers, but some went on to do their education and became rich with their shops and warehouses. The British ruled the people in South Africa. In April of 1893, a lawyer by the name of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi came to South Africa on a business trip to take a case in an Indian Firm. Gandhi only intended on staying in South Africa for the case. Little did he know that it would change his life forever. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Porbander, Kaithiawad. He was born to Karamchand and Putibai Gandhi. Gandhi was the youngest son of his fathers† fourth wife. In 1876 Mohandas started Primary school. During this time Gandhi was betrothed to Kasturba, which his parents had to set up. Gandhi went on to high school tin Rajkot, named Alfred high school. As a school boy Gandhi was a shy person who never talked to any of his classmates, but in 1883 he was married to Kasturba. They were both 13. When Gandhi married he didn†t think anything of it, and thought it meant he could control his wife†s life. Kasturba was a little more controlling of her own life, and let Gandhi know when he stepped over the line. The tradition for youth marriages is very common for Hindus. Two years later on November 16th of 1885 Mohandas† life took a sudden turn when his father died, after by being ill for two years. Gandhi was not there when his father died; he had left moments before. In 1887 Gandhi applied to college, and got in at Samaldas College, but Gandhi found the studies hard and only stayed for one term.

The Status of Women in Ancient Times

The Status Of Women In Ancient Times Throughout the years, women have had to fight for the right to gain independence and freedom. They have been through good times and bad, but through all of it women have won respect and responsibility for themselves. In the times of Ancient Egypt, women had many more rights than other places. Inheritance and property were important to them. The status of women in Mesopotamia was as simple as a contract, and men were their priority. The Napoleonic Code and the Sharia Law were degrading and difficult.It is important that we reflect on what women have been through to learn for the future. In Ancient Egypt, women were mainly important for reproduction. Children were very important, and infertile women were divorced immediately. Marriage was a very important aspect, as it was almost considered a duty of the Egyptian people. It was also popular to marry cousins, brothers, and sisters considering family and dynasties were very important. If one was to be divorced it was a very private matter, but if they wanted, women could get divorced for any reason.The men were also free to marry as many women as they liked. Women could inherit their husbands belonging and property. They could give it to anyone or keep it, and many of the husband’s rules were written in his will. Women had a lot of rights in Ancient Egypt and that is very close to what we are today. In Mesopotamia, the rights for women were very different. The status of women in their marriage relied completely on a contract. The women were forced to stay with their husbands until he wanted to leave her, and there was nothing she could do if she was unhappy in the relationship.Once the husband divorced, they could not re-marry. Men dominated in every aspect, even the children. For women to have any inheritance or property it had to be in a written document. Some of the things women could do in Mesopotamian times were that they were able to buy and sell in the market place , and they could attend all legal matters. They could also conduct business on their property. The only reason why this was important though was because the men were lazy and wanted the women to work for them.The Napoleonic Code was a code in ancient times which also contained rules for women. The main aspect was that as long as men took care of the wives and protected them, the women had to have full obedience to their husbands. They had to ask to do anything and everything. There was no such thing as more than one marriage, because the only way a woman could divorce her husband was if they had grave or a severe injury. If the women committed adultery they would have three months in jail and a divorce, where as if the men committed adultery there was no punishment.The men were so powerful that if they were ever unhappy with their sons, they could get them arrested. The men had full use of the wife’s inheritance and property if she gave his approval, and it was very rare that she didn’t. Also, if anyone else wanted their inheritance, they would have to sue the owner of the inheritance. The husband managed the dowry completely, but had to give the wife one thing per year for maintenance or personal need. The only right the wife had was that she could make her will without the consent and authority of her husband.Lastly, the Sharia Law was unfair to women as well. The major inequality that is noticeable is that the Muslim men could marry non-Muslim women, but Muslim women could not marry non-Muslim men. Also the men could divorce their wives but he had to pay an already agreed sum of money that was established before the marriage. Women could onluy divorce men if they were infertile, insane, had leprosy or some other skin desease. The men had full power over the children, yet the mother could only have power over them if they were too young to part from their mothers.The worst part of the Sharia Law was that the men were given right under the Quran to hit their wives. The only right the women had were rights to inheritance, and the right to make a will. Researching all about the status of women in ancient times makes me so grateful to live the way we do today. Women should not be treated like objects or property. For a man to be able to hit a woman is so shocking to me. I believe that we should learn from our past world and know that we should not repeat some of the aspects of the law in ancient times again.

Slavery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Slavery - Research Paper Example Africans who were thought to have resistance to tropical diseases were outsourced to work on these areas with poor or no pay. In history, personal account on what happened in particular is usually the most reliable source. In such a scenario, individual’s personal account can be used to complement other form of literature that already exists. In several states of America, a personal account on what happened in period of slavery and period after has been taken from several people who gave first hand information on various ordeals that they went through. This paper seeks to analyze several individual accounts on slavery in Texas State. During this period, slaves did several jobs that were either in farms or in household.  The role of women was concentrated at home area while men work was majorly on farms. A personal account of Mary Armstrong gives us a proper description of the kind of work they were doing during the period of enslavement. Domestic chores included watering flo wers round the house without spilling a drop of water to unintended area. Additionally, the role of women was to take care of their master’s children and cleaning household things such as utensils. Women also played a significant role in the kitchen, as they were trusted cooks as Ellen accounts of Aunt Rachel. Based on Ellen Betts account, some women could also cut canes all day until midnight. Some women who were not fed properly could eat food that belonged to master children when left under their care. Men at some time acted as houseboys. Sterlin work was to lure the master to sleep and could take care of dining activities. Men could also take children to and from school. Moreover, Will Adams says that niggers were given a subordinate role. Majority of slaves had no skills and hence could not seek a formal employment1. Some slave owners showed some form of leniency when commanding the slaves on various chores while other slave owners mistreated their slaves with no mercy. Individual account gives an insight to various form of treatment that they went through in the period of slavery. Firstly, Armstrong talks of how mean the slave owners were at their time. This is because Cleveland’s were always beating their slaves. Moreover, the slaves were expected to perform chores to perfection, failure to which led to punishment. Armstrong’s sister was beaten to death at an age of nine month. This was a high level of inhumane act at this period of slavery. The little sister was beaten until blood oozed from body. Armstrong claims that Olivia treatment was lenient to the slaves. However, Armstrong says that slaves were forced to work on plantation during cold winter where wheat, barley, oats, and fruits were cultivated. Slaves were also sold to other plantation owners without their dues being paid which was illegal but slave owners disregarded this law. Moreover, family’s members were separated from each other when being sold to other slave traders. Husbands, wives, and children were sold to different traders. Since slaves could only be sold when strong and healthy, some slave traders who gave little food to slaves rubbed salt and vinegar on them to make it appear as if they had been fed good and were strong and healthy. Ellen says that slaves were accorded the same respect as dogs and cats and were therefore

Diversities in Health and Healing Beliefs and Its Implication to Research Paper

Diversities in Health and Healing Beliefs and Its Implication to Health Care Delivery - Research Paper Example Holistic care has been the new paradigm of healing hospitals as the world faces the challenge of diversity in each nation. This poses a challenge to institutions to render a loving service rather than mere customer service. It is utilized in understanding that patients, as human beings, are composed of mind, body, and soul and its interconnectedness must be dealt with simultaneously. The final part of this paper examines the health care provider’s attitude and management for patients with different health belief from their own. Diversities in Health and Healing Beliefs and Its Implication to Health Care Delivery Migration is a common phenomenon that transpires throughout the world in this era of globalization and capitalism. Today, each nation has diverse nationalities residing within their territories for purposes of education, business, work, or leisure. This trend posts a challenge to health care professionals, particularly nurses, in delivery of health care services and un derstanding their total well being. Through time, the hospital has shifted its paradigm from being a place where illness is treated to a place aimed to render wellness and holistic services. Practitioners now embrace this holistic approach recognizing the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and soul and treating each aspect in respect of one another rather than the traditional approach of medicine which is focused only with the bodily manifestations (Moodly and West, 2005, p.257). The concept of holistic healing transformed social institutions such as hospitals toward a more just and loving health and healing practices. As the bible says, â€Å"The Lord will strengthen him in his bed of illness, you will sustain him in his sick bed (Psalm 41:3),† Christian institutions and practitioners acknowledge the value of psycho-spiritual assistance to both the ill and well patients. The usual challenged faced by holistic hospitals is marking delineation between the Christian concept of loving service and the capitalist’s value for customer service. While most administrators aim is to increase patient satisfaction, the caregivers and patients seek for a more humanitarian and loving approach when acquiring services from institutions. Health care systems must go beyond the superficial approach of customer service and dig deeper to a more genuine loving service and care (Chapman, 2005). Holistic approach and loving service are two valuable principles that must be carried out by health caregivers. This encompasses the need for better understanding of the patient’s health beliefs, healing preferences, and religion. Respect is the key point of success in this avenue of care (Chapman, 2005), therefore, diversities among these beliefs and preferences must be fully understood by nurses and health practitioners. Christian, Native American, and Buddhist’s Healing Beliefs The Christians focus on God as the Great Physician who heals all forms of illness and this healing could be attained through prayers. They recognize Jesus as the Christ, son of God, who healed thousand of sinners and ill people though prayer and faith during his stay on earth as narrated in the New Testament of the Bible. Christians believe in the power of the Holy Spirit as a current that flows and promotes healing of the mind, body, and soul (Plante and Sherman, 2001). The bible dictated that one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit

History of art-Apadana Palace in persepolis Research Paper

History of art-Apadana Palace in persepolis - Research Paper Example The construction of the palace took thirty years to be complete. We can therefore, consider Apadana Palace as falling in the category of architectural complex, with regard to type of artwork. The materials used in the construction of Apadana Palace include stones and wood. Apart from the overall architectural works, other techniques were also employed in developing Apadana Palace. For instance, there were various carvings as part of the Apadana Palace. Apadana Palace stood to the right of the gatehouse in Persepolis. Overall, most archaeologists estimate that this building could have accumulated close to 10,000 people. The roof of Apadana was supported by enormous stone columns. Of these columns, 36 were interior columns, and another 36 offered support to the building’s verandas that were found on three sides of the building. This is a total of 72 columns. However, presently, only 32 of these columns remain standing. 13 of the destroyed columns still hang in the remnants of this building today. Each of the columns was 20m tall and was topped by an elaborate capital. There are also double-headed animals at the top of the capitals, and these used to support wooden roof beams, which have since been destroyed with time. Leading to the entrance of Apadana were monumental staircase that were well decorated with elaborate sculpture in relief (Iran Chamber Society Web). Nonetheless, judging from the relief sculpture, this could be considered to represent the ceremonial procession that happened when representatives of countries that had been conquered by brought gifts to the King. The Apadana Palace was built by Darius. However, after the death of Darius, the son of Darius; Xerxes completed the construction of the building (Mousavi 17). The Apadana Palace was built in order to serve official purposes in the empire. Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire; hence this was the right location for